• Simple hazard and risk mapping for communities, institutions and local organisations.
• Tools for vulnerability and capacity assessment: checklists, mapping, stakeholder interviews, focus groups (awareness level).
• Identifying critical services, lifelines and priority groups (schools, clinics, elder care, etc.).
• Prioritising risks and documenting assessment findings clearly.

• Distinguishing risk reduction, preparedness, response and recovery.
• Examples of structural and non-structural measures (awareness level) appropriate for different hazards and settings.
• Integrating DRR into land use, facility layout, basic infrastructure and standard operating procedures (awareness level).
• Low-cost/high-impact measures communities and organisations can adopt.

• Elements of a community/local emergency preparedness plan:
• Hazard scenarios and triggers

Roles and responsibilities

• Key resources and contact lists
• Evacuation and shelter options (awareness level, non-clinical/non-tactical)
• Basic principles of incident organisation and coordination at local level (linkage to official= incident command where applicable – awareness).
• Aligning community plans with local authority, emergency services and organisational plans where possible.

• Characteristics of effective early warning systems at community level (awareness): detection, communication, understanding, response.
• Communication channels: sirens, SMS, social media, community leaders, door-to-door, loudspeakers, etc.
• Ensuring communication reaches children, older people, people with disabilities, migrants and linguistically diverse groups.
• Designing simple public information materials (posters, leaflets, briefings) on preparedness actions.

• Purpose and types of drills and exercises (table-top, walk-through, full drill – awareness level).
• Planning and conducting basic exercises for schools, workplaces and communities.
• Debriefing and lessons learned: capturing improvements to plans and procedures.
• Working with schools, youth groups, faith-based organisations and local businesses to promote a culture of preparedness.

• Templates for risk profiles, preparedness plans, contact lists and action registers.
• Monitoring implementation of risk reduction and preparedness actions.
• Building partnerships with local authorities, emergency services, NGOs and private sector actors.
• Continuous improvement mindset: updating plans after incidents, drills and environmental or social changes.